What is forward error correction?
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In telecommunication and information theory, forward error correction (FEC) is a system of error control for data transmission, whereby the sender adds redundant data, known as an error-correction code (ECC), to its messages. This allows the receiver to detect and correct errors (with some limitations) without asking the sender for additional data. The advantages of FEC are that a back-channel is not required and retransmission of data can often be avoided though this is achieved at the cost of higher bandwidth requirements. FEC is therefore applied where retransmissions are relatively costly or impossible. In particular, FEC information is usually added to most mass storage devices to protect against damage to the stored data. For instance, electrical or magnetic interference inside a computer system can cause a single bit of DRAM to flip to the opposite state. This problem can be mitigated by using DRAM modules that include extra (redundant) memory bits and memory controllers that exploit these bits. These extra bits are used to record parity or to use an ECC. Parity allows the detection of an odd number of wrong bits. The ECC may allow a single-bit error to be corrected and double-bit errors to be detected. Error detection and correction in computer systems keeps going in and out of vogue. Seymour Cray famously said "parity is for farmers" to explain why he left it out of the CDC 6600. He included parity in the CDC 7600, and reputedly said "I learned that a lot of farmers buy computers." |
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| 2012-04-09 | Designing NAND flash controller with high-level synthesis Here's a discussion on the application of a commercial HLS tool to a NAND flash controller with an error correction code block. |
| 2012-01-19 | Xtera ups capacity of long-haul optical n/ws Xtera Communications showed the transmission of 26 channels at 100G each with coherent detection, DSP, and soft-decision forward error correction technologies along a 424km unrepeatered link. |
| 2011-10-25 | Boost DAC integral non-linearity through gain correction Boost DAC integral non-linearity through gain correction |
| 2011-08-18 | Rectifying clock errors in R8C/M13B Find out how to correct clock errors using the timer RE2 clock error correction function in real-time clock mode in the R8C/M13B Group. |
| 2011-08-11 | Timer RH clock error correction function in real-time clock mode Timer RH clock error correction function in real-time clock mode |
| 2011-07-26 | V.42-LAPM operation Know how to implement a V.22 bis 2400 bit/s modem with the Teridian 73M2901CE integrated circuit. |
| 2011-06-14 | Flex FEC ASIP sol'n targets software-defined radios Imec and Target Compiler Technologies release a C-programmable flexible FEC (forward error correction) solution targeted at future cellular, connectivity and broadcasting standards. |
| 2011-04-12 | Toshiba unveils 24nm NAND flash Toshiba's latest 24nm NAND flash memory packs a control IC that is designed to remove the burden of ECC from the host processor and enhance speed performance. |
| 2011-03-11 | EFEC IP cores target 100G applications Altera unveils the EFEC IP cores optimised for Stratix IV and V series FPGAs and designed for 100G applications such as metro and long-haul optical networks (OTN). |
| 2010-08-19 | Probability processor start-up reveals product for NAND flash Lyric Semiconductor is licensing a technique to develop an error correction device for NAND flash it claims provides superior performance to today's approaches while using a fraction of their power. |
| 2008-10-20 | New chip advances software-defined radio IMEC's FlexFEC device for software-defined radio can handle advanced forward error-correction technologies in WAN and WLAN. |
| 2008-11-14 | Trellis termination, tail biting Know how to use the Xilinx Viterbi Decoder LogiCORE module to implement both trellis termination and tail biting. |
| 2008-10-15 | Migrate existing EZ-USB HX2 designs to EX-USB HX2LP Here's a guide to speeding up the migration of a CY7C65640A (EZ-USBHX2) design to use the CY7C65630 (HX2LP) hub. |
| 2008-10-15 | NAND Flash ECC module Know the features of this ECC Module for NAND Flash and how it calculates and implements ECC. |
| 2008-09-26 | Convolutional coding on configurable processors Convolutional coding is based on time-invariant finite state machines and is widely used in wireless communications. |
| 2008-05-05 | Fujitsu steps up IC error elimination Fujitsu steps up IC error elimination |
| 2007-03-19 | Hynix touts 'fastest' 512Mbit mobile DDR SDRAM Hynix Semiconductor Inc. claims it has developed the industry's fastest 185MHz 512Mbit mobile DDR SDRAM with error correction code. |
| 2006-12-21 | Fan controllers offer accurate thermal management To meet the thermal requirements of high-speed applications, SMSC has announced its EMC2101 and EMC2102 fan controllers. These devices can offer better fan control through accurate temperature measurement. |
| 2006-02-03 | Tektronix tool analyses streaming video over IP Tektronix Inc. has announced the availability of the Spectra2|VQM (video quality measurement) monitoring solution for the diagnosis and analysis of streaming video transmitted over IP. |
| 2001-03-26 | Forward Error Correction In Optical Networks Forward Error Correction In Optical Networks |
| 2001-06-01 | Turbo charging next-generation wireless, optical systems High-speed wireless and optical communication architectures demand high-performance error correction and BER. New turbo decoding methods meet the performance demands of these systems. |
| 2001-09-05 | Increasing data throughput in radio telemetry systems This application note discusses factors affecting radio data network performance and presents solutions based on IC designs. |
| 2001-09-05 | Error detection & correction of MPT1327 formatted messages using MX429A or MX809 devices Error detection & correction of MPT1327 formatted messages using MX429A or MX809 devices |
| 2002-10-28 | Measurement reading and modifying the correction data for system errors and power of a ZVR vector network analyzer Measurement reading and modifying the correction data for system errors and power of a ZVR vector network analyzer |
| 2002-11-14 | Error detection & correction of MPT1327 formatted messages using MX429a or MX809 devices Error detection & correction of MPT1327 formatted messages using MX429a or MX809 devices |
| 2003-05-02 | Negotiate your way to interference-free Bluetooth If Bluetooth is to be widely-accepted, it has to be robust and reliable; manufacturers must include CQDDR and reliable BER measurement schemes in their designs to ensure this. |
| 2003-08-29 | Error Detection & Correction of MPT1327 Formatted Messages using MX429A or MX809 devices Error Detection & Correction of MPT1327 Formatted Messages using MX429A or MX809 devices |
| 2004-11-26 | NAND flash ECC algorithm This app note presents error checking and correction of NAND flash ECC algorithm |
| 2004-11-29 | Error correction code in NAND flash memories Error correction code in NAND flash memories |
| 2004-12-10 | Single error correction and double error detection Single error correction and double error detection |
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